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Includes batteries, 4GB SD memory card and USB-SD adapter. German passport extended by the SD in Norway, March 1945. Involvement in international affairs by the SD certainly did not end there and the agency remained active in foreign operations to such a degree that the head of the Reich Foreign Ministry office, , complained of their meddling, since Hitler would apparently make decisions based on SD reports without consulting him. Uniforms of the SS.
Stitching and color restoration software included on SD card. In fact, all members of the Einsatzgruppen wore the SD sleeve diamond on their uniforms.
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Sicherheitsdienst German: , Security Service , full title Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS Security Service of the Reichsführer-SS , or SD, was the of the and the in. Originating in 1931, the organization was the first Nazi intelligence organization to be established and was considered a with the formed in 1933 through integration of SS members and operational procedures. Heydrich's successor, , was convicted of and at the , sentenced to death and hanged in 1946. Origins The SD, one of the oldest security organizations of the SS, first formed in 1931 as the Ic-Dienst Intelligence Service operating out of a single apartment and reporting directly to. Himmler appointed a former junior naval officer, , to organise the small agency. The office was renamed Sicherheitsdienst SD in the summer of 1932. The SD became more powerful after the took control of Germany in 1933 and the SS started infiltrating all leading positions of the security apparatus of the Reich. Growth of SD and SS power in 1940 Once Hitler was appointed Chancellor by German President , he quickly made efforts to manipulate the aging president. On 28 February 1933, Hitler convinced Hindenburg to which suspended all civil liberties throughout Germany, due at least in part to the the night before. Himmler's SS and SD made their presence felt at once by helping rid the regime of its known political enemies and its perceived ones, as well. One such eventuality would soon arise. For a while, the SS competed with the SA for influence within Germany. On 20 April 1934 handed over control of the Geheime Staatspolizei to Himmler. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SD. These events further extended Himmler's control of the security mechanism of the Reich, which by proxy also strengthened the surveillance power of Heydrich's SD, as both entities methodically infiltrated every police agency in Germany. Under pressure from the German armed forces whose members viewed the enormous armed forces of the SA as an existential threat and with the collusion of Göring, , the Gestapo and SD, Hitler was led to believe that Roehm's SA posed a serious conspiratorial threat requiring a drastic and immediate solution. For its part, the SD provided fictitious information that there was an assassination plot on Hitler's life and that an SA putsch to assume power was imminent since the SA were allegedly amassing weapons. Additionally, reports were coming into the SD and Gestapo that the vulgarity of the SA's behavior was damaging the party and was even making less palatable. On 30 June 1934 the SS and Gestapo acted in coordinated mass arrests that continued for two days. The SS took one of its most decisive steps in eliminating its competition for command of security within Germany and established itself firmly in the Nazi hierarchy, making the SS and its intelligence organ, the SD, responsible only to the Führer. The purge became known as the , with up to 200 people killed in the action. Moreover, the brutal crushing of the SA and its leadership sent a clear message to everyone that opposition to Hitler's regime could be fatal. It struck fear across the Nazi leadership as to the tangible concern of the reach and influence of Himmler's intelligence collection and policing powers. The SD and Austria During the autumn of 1937, Hitler secured 's support to annex Mussolini was originally apprehensive of the Nazi takeover of Austria and informed his generals of his intentions to invade both Austria and. Getting Mussolini to approve political intrigue against Austria was a major accomplishment, as the Italian Duce had expressed great concern previously in the wake of an Austrian SS unit's not more than three weeks after the , an episode that embarrassed the SS, enraged Hitler, and which ended in the assassination of Austrian Chancellor on 25 July 1934. Nonetheless, to facilitate the incorporation of Austria into the greater Reich, the SD and Gestapo went to work arresting people immediately, using lists compiled by Heydrich. Heydrich's SD and Austrian SS members received financing from Berlin to harass Austrian Chancellor 's government all throughout 1937. Throughout the events leading to the and even after the Nazis marched into Austria on 12 March 1938, Heydrich — convinced that only his SD could pull off a peaceful union between the two German-speaking nations — organized demonstrations, conducted clandestine operations, ordered attacks, distributed propaganda materials, encouraged the intimidation of opponents, and had his SS and SD personnel round-up prominent anti-Nazis, most of whom ended up in The coordinated efforts of the and Heydrich's SD during the first days of the Anschluß effectively eliminated all forms of possible political, military and economic resistance within Austria. Once the annexation became official, the Austrian police was immediately subordinated to Heydrich's SD, the SS and Gestapo. Machinations by the SD, the Gestapo, and the SS helped to bring Austria fully into Hitler's grasp and on 13 March 1938, he signed into law the union with Austria as tears streamed down his face. Focusing on the with its 3 million ethnic Germans and the disharmony there which the Czech government could not seem to remedy, Hitler set Heydrich's SD in motion there in what came to be known as. The operation covered every conceivable type of intelligence data, using a myriad of cameras and photographic equipment, focusing efforts on important strategic locations like government buildings, police stations, postal services, public utilities, logistical routes, and above all, airfields. Hitler worked out a sophisticated plan to acquire the Sudetenland, including manipulating Slovak nationalists to vie for independence and the suppression of this movement by the Czech government. Under directions from Heydrich, SD operative was re-activated to engage in sabotage activities designed to incite a response from the Slovaks and the Czechs, a mission that ultimately failed. In June 1938 a directive from the SD head office indicated that Hitler issued an order at to his generals to prepare for the invasion of Czechoslovakia. To hasten a presumed heavy response from the French, British, and Czechs, Hitler then upped the stakes and claimed that the Czechs were slaughtering. He demanded the unconditional and prompt cession of the Sudetenland to Germany in order to secure the safety of endangered ethnic Germans. Around this time, early plots by select members of the German General Staff emerged, plans which included ridding themselves of Hitler. Eventually a diplomatic showdown pitting Hitler against the governments of Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, and France, whose tepid reaction to the Austrian Anschluss had precipitated this crisis to some degree, ensued. The Sudetenland Crisis came to an end when and Hitler signed the on 29 September 1938, effectively ceding the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany. Involvement in international affairs by the SD certainly did not end there and the agency remained active in foreign operations to such a degree that the head of the Reich Foreign Ministry office, , complained of their meddling, since Hitler would apparently make decisions based on SD reports without consulting him. The SD took concentration-camp inmates condemned to die, and fitted them with Polish Army uniforms which had acquired from Admiral ' military intelligence. German passport extended by the SD in Norway, March 1945. The SD was tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi leadership and the neutralization of this opposition as the action against the SA demonstrated. To fulfill this task, the SD created an organization of agents and informants throughout the Reich and later throughout the occupied territories, all part of the development of an extensive SS state and a totalitarian regime without parallel. The organization consisted of a few hundred full-time agents and several thousand informants. Browder writes that SD regiments were comparable to SS regiments, in that: SD districts Bezirke emerged covering several Party circuits Kreis or an entire district Gau. Below this level, SD sub-districts Unterbezirke slowly developed. They were originally to cover a single Kreis, and, in turn, to be composed of wards Revier , but such an ambitious network never emerged. Eventually, the SD-sub-districts acquired the simple designation of 'outposts' Aussenstellen as the lowest level-office in the field structure. The SD was mainly the information-gathering agency, and the Gestapo, and to a degree the Criminal Police or Kripo , was the executive agency of the political police system. The SD and Gestapo did have integration through SS members holding duel positions in each branch. Also, given the fact that both the SD and Gestapo were under Heydrich's control and answered to Himmler in his dual capacity of Chief of the Police and. Nevertheless, there was some jurisdictional overlap and operational conflict between the SD and Gestapo. In addition, the Criminal Police kept a level of independence since its structure was longer-established. Part and parcel to intelligence operations, the SD carefully tracked foreign opinion and criticism of Nazi policies, censoring when necessary and likewise publishing hostile political cartoons in the SS weekly magazine, Das Schwarze Korps. Gathered information was then distributed by the SD through secret internal political reports entitled Meldungen aus dem Reich reports from the Reich to the upper echelons of the Nazi Party, enabling Hitler's regime to evaluate the general morale and attitude of the German people so it could be timely manipulated by the Nazi propaganda machine. When the were passed in 1935, the SD reported that the measures against the Jews were well received by the German populace. In 1936, the police were divided into the Orpo or Order Police and the SiPo or Security Police. The Orpo consisted mainly of the Urban police , the Rural police and the Municipal police. The SiPo was composed of the Kripo and the Gestapo. Heydrich became Chief of the SiPo and continued as Chief of the SD. Continuing escalation of antisemitic policies in the spring of 1937 from the SD organization concerned with Jewish affairs, staffed by members like , Herbert Hagen, and Theodor Dannecker, led to an advocation for the complete removal Entfernung of all Jews from Germany with very little concern for where they were headed. Official bureaucratization increased apace with numerous specialized offices formed, aiding towards the overall persecution of the Jews. As such, the SD came into immediate, fierce competition with German military intelligence, the Abwehr as headed by Admiral Canaris. The competition stemmed from Heydrich and Himmler's intention to absorb the Abwehr and Admiral Canaris' view of the SD as an amateur upstart. Canaris refused to give up the autonomy that his military intelligence organ was granted. Additional problems also existed, like the racial exemption for members of the Abwehr from the Nazi Aryan screening process, and then there was competition for resources which occurred throughout the Third Reich's existence. On 27 September 1939, the SiPo became a part of the under Heydrich. The operational sections of the SD became department Amt III and for foreign intelligence, Amt VI; the Gestapo became Amt IV and the Kripo became Amt V. In 1944, the sections of the Abwehr were incorporated into Amt VI. Main article: The SD was the overarching agency under which the Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, also known as the , was subordinated; this was one of the principal reasons for the later war-crimes indictment against the organization by the Allies. The Einsatzgruppen's part in the Holocaust has been well documented. Its mobile killing units were active in the implementation of the in the territories overrun by the Nazi war machine. This SD subsidiary worked closely with the Wehrmacht in persecuting Jews, communists, partisans, and other groups, as well. Starting with the invasion of Poland throughout the campaign in the East, the Einsatzgruppen ruthlessly killed anyone suspected of being an opponent of the regime, either real or imagined. The men of the Einsatzgruppen were recruited from the SD, Gestapo, Kripo, Orpo, and Waffen-SS. On 31 July 1941, Göring gave written authorisation to SD Chief Heydrich to ensure the cooperation of administrative leaders of various government departments in the implementation of a Final Solution to the in territories under German control. An SD headquarter's memorandum indicated that the SD was tasked to accompany military invasions so as to assist in control and pacification efforts. The memo explicitly stated: The SD will, where possible, follow up immediately behind the troops as they move in and, as in the Reich, will assume responsibility for the security of political life. Within the Reich, security measures are the responsibility of the Gestapo with SD cooperation. In occupied territory, measures will be under the direction of a senior SD commander; Gestapo officials will be allotted to individual Einsatzstäbe. Correspondingly, SD affiliated units, including the Einsatzgruppen followed German troops into Austria, the Sudetenland, Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, Lithuania, as well as Russia. Since their task included cooperating with military leadership and vice versa, suppression of opposition in the occupied territories was a joint venture. There were territorial disputes and disagreement about how some of these policies were to be implemented. On 20 January 1942, Heydrich chaired a meeting, now called the , to discuss the implementation of the plan. Facilities such as Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz have their origins in the planning actions undertaken by Heydrich. Heydrich remained chief of the Security Police SiPo and the SD through the RSHA until his assassination in 1942, after which Ernst Kaltenbrunner was named chief by Himmler on 30 January 1943, and remained there until the end of the war. The SD was declared a criminal organization after the war and its members were. Whatever their original purpose, the SD and SS were ultimately created to identify and eradicate internal enemies of the State, as well as to pacify, subjugate, and exploit conquered territories and peoples. The SS Security Service, known as the SS SD-Amt, became the official security organization of the Nazi Party in 1934. On September 1939, the SD was divided into two departments, the interior department Inland-SD and the foreign department Ausland-SD , and placed under the authority of the RSHA. Inland-SD The Interior Security Service Inland-SD , responsible for intelligence and security within Germany, was known earlier as Department II and later, when placed under the Reich Main Security Office, as its Department III. It was originally headed by and from September 1939 by Otto Ohlendorf. It was within this organization that began working out the details for the. It was nominally commanded by Heydrich, but run by his chief of staff. On March 1942 Jost was fired and replaced by , a deputy of Heydrich. After the in 1944, the Department VI took over the functions of the Military Intelligence Service. Much like the Nazi revolution in general, membership in the SS and the SD appealed more to the impressionable youth. Few were wild or extreme Nazi fanatics. In those respects they were 'ordinary men'. Yet in most other respects, they were an extraordinary mix of men, drawn together by a unique mix of missions. SD-SiPo led battalions were typically placed under the command of the , reporting directly to the RSHA in Berlin. The SD also maintained a presence at all and supplied personnel, on an as-needed basis, to such special action troops as the. In fact, all members of the Einsatzgruppen wore the SD sleeve diamond on their uniforms. The SD-SiPo was the primary agency, in conjunction with the , assigned to maintain order and security in the established by the Germans on the territory of occupied Eastern Europe. On 7 December 1941, the same day that the American naval station at Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese, the first extermination camp was opened at Chelmno near Lodz by the SD and SiPo commander in occupied Posen , then SS- Standartenführer. Damzog had personally selected the staff for the killing centre and later supervised the daily operation of the camp which was under the command of SS-. Over a span of approximately 15 months, 150,000 people were killed there. According to the book Piercing the Reich, the SD was infiltrated in 1944 by a former Russian national who was working for the Americans. The agent's parents had fled the , and he had been raised in Berlin, and then moved to Paris. He was recruited by of the OSS detachment. The mission was codenamed RUPPERT. How extensive the SD's knowledge was about the early plots to kill Hitler by key members of the military remains a contested subject and a veritable unknown. That the authorities were aware of serious 'defeatism' is certain, but it is doubtful whether they suspected anyone of outright treason. When in uniform they wore the grey uniform with army and rank insignia on the shoulder straps, and SS rank insignia on the left collar patch. The right collar patch was black without the runes. The branch color of the SD was toxic green. The SD sleeve diamond SD Raute insignia was worn on the lower left sleeve. Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD. See: Nuremberg Trial, Vol. The small offices were known as SD-Unterabschnitte, and the larger offices were referred to as SD-Abschnitte. All SD offices answered to a local commander known as the Inspektor des Sicherheitspolizei und SD who, in turn, was under the dual command of the RSHA and local. 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Correspondingly, SD affiliated units, including the Einsatzgruppen followed German troops into Austria, the Sudetenland, Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, Lithuania, as well as Russia. Our guests in the Sioux Falls area can now sip, savor and sin all the flavors of Prairie Berry. SD's Largest Classroom The fair is more than food and candy - it's about education. Heydrich: The Face of Evil. Saueressig is a renowned expert in premium rotogravure solutions designed to protect brands and improve profitability by applying innovative technical solutions to the responsible challenges faced by brand owners, printers and converters in the reproduction of brand assets. The purge became known as thewith up to 200 people killed in the action. There were territorial disputes and disagreement about how some s?d kaereste s?ges these policies were to be s?d kaereste s?ges. The SS Del Service, known as the SS SD-Amt, became the official security organization of the Nazi Party in 1934. In 2004, the SD State Fair added an educational program that complimented the school curriculums. In 1944, the sections of the Abwehr were incorporated into Amt VI. Yet in most other respects, they were an extraordinary mix of men, drawn together by a unique mix of missions. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
